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    July 31

    Kohlberg's stages of moral development

     
    1. Respect for power and punishment: young child (age 1-5)
    2. Self-serving, looking out for #1: children (age 5-10)
    3. Pleasing important others (parents, teachers, friends), being a "good boy" or "nice girl": (age 8-16)
    4. Comforming to law and order without considering the underlying ethical principles involved: (age 16 y/o and older)
    5. Justice through democracy, "I'll live by the rules or try to change them": only about 20-25% of today's adults ever reach this stage and most of those that do supposedly only get them after their mid-twenties
    6. Golden Rule - deciding on basic moral principles by being true to one's values (e.g. caring for and respecting every living thing, feeling that everyone is all equal and deserves equal oppotunities): rather rare people
     
    Example: you may avoid shoplifting for the fear of punishment (stage 1), you may watch your little brother carefully to be sure he doesn't get more attention than you (stage 2), you may want to impress your parents or a teacher (stage 3), you may unthinkingly enforce school rules as a monitor (stage 4), and you may be active in the women's movement or help support a child in India through CARE (stage 5 or 6).
     
    Kohlberg's conception of moral development is based on thinking and logic, not on feelings for others, and his focus is on the individual, not  on what makes for a moral community. His evalution of moral decisions is based on the quality of reasoning behind one's decision, rather than whether or not some specific behavioral decision was made.
     
    Two steps in stage 6:
    (1) understanding how each person involved sees the situation;
    (2) imagining how each person would feel if placed in each other person's situation.

    Stanley Milgram

     
    "People who are doing a job as instructed by an administrative figure are following the instructions of that administrative outlook and not the outlook of a moral code. The feelings of duty and personal emotion are clearly separated. Responsibility shifts in the mind of the subordinate from himself/herself to the authority figure. There is a well defined purpose behind the actions or goals of the authority, and the subordinate is depended upon to help and meet those goals."
     
    "There is possibility that human nature, or more specifically, the kind of character produced in American society, cannot be counted on to insulate the citizens from brutality and inhumane treatment at the direction of malevolent authority."
     
    This theory is compatible with one of Freud's ego defensive mechanisms --"isolation"

    Snygg and Combs

    The phenomenal field is our subjective reality, the world we are aware of, including physical objects and people and their behaviors, thoughts, images, fantasies, feelings, and ideas like justice, freedom, equality, and so on.
     
    Differentiation
     
    Meaning in education
     
    http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/snygg&combs.html
     
    July 28

    弗洛伊德

    id (the psychic representative of biological needs), ego (relates the organism to reality through consciousness and searching for objects to satisfy the wishes created by id), superego (the record of things to avoid and strategies to take in reality or society)

    libido -> life instincts -> the life of the individual (food, water) & the life of the species (sex)
    death instincts (the release from struggles with the tough reality)
    both sexuality emphasis and death instincts are unpopular ideas

    when id and superego make conflicting demands upon the poor ego, thus leading the organism to feel threatened, overwhelmed and about to collapse, anxiety is experienced, which includes:

    realistic anxiety (e.g. fear, which comes from the outer, physical world)

    moral anxiety (e.g. guilt and shame, which comes from the internalized social world of superego)

    neurotic anxiety (e.g. lost of one's temper, rationality, self-control, which comes from overwhelming impulses from id)

    ego defensive mechanisms: the ego defends itself by unconsciously blocking the impulses or distorting them into a mroe acceptable, less threatening form.
    denial;
    repression;
    asceticism;
    isloation;
    displacement;
    turning against the self;
    projection;
    altruistic surrender;
    reaction formation;
    undoing;
    introjection;
    identification with the aggressor;
    regression;
    rationalization

    psychosexual stage theory (oral stage -> anal stage -> phallic stage -> latent stage -> genital stage) and corresponding characters due to traumas in each stage development

    Oedipal crisis

    Freudian therapy:
    relaxed atmosphere
    free association
    resistance
    dream analysis
    parapraxes (slip of tongue)

     

    link: http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/freud.html

    http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/freud.html 

    The Interpretation of Dreams (3rd edition)

    July 27

    动了个小手术

    appointment在今天,一大早朝林就陪我去了,本来打算早点弄完然后去冷泉港的,结果还是把我“折”在家里了:)
     
    跟front desk说我到了,在等待医生的时间里闲得无聊,才想起可以看看上次医生给的介绍biopsy的小册子,于是发现,等待我的是一场恐怖的小手术!!!呜呜呜。基本流程是:打麻醉——插导管——活体取样。先是一位美国大妈跟我解释上述过程、注意事项,幸好我提前预习了;然后就是操刀者上场——一位美国大叔。一上来就说中文,搞得我晕头转向,呵呵(上回去cuny面试的一位教授也是“你好”作为开场白,半天没反应过来,弄得人家特尴),原来他娶了一位中国太太,而且跟我老公是老乡。他一直在聊中国,什么四大火炉(four furnaces),医院奇遇(被护士勒令打针,于是在大庭广众之下把长裤全脱了)等等,而且是中英文对照版。那位美国大妈一直在帮助我放松心态,而且在最紧张的时候很关切地握住我的手,好像亲人的那样,一刹那心里觉得非常感动。
     
    除了打麻药和活体取样第四次比较难过,其他都还好。做完后看到皮肤上留下的一条缝,有些心疼。因为之后需要反复地在伤口上敷冰袋,所以只好回家养伤;朝林以为老板已休假回来,所以还是乘火车去冷泉港了。
     
    顺便提一下美国的医疗保险制度真好,让我们这样的穷人也能去看病:)
    July 26

    阿拉伯的劳伦斯

          断断续续把这部长达3个半小时电影看完了,唉。随手找了篇余光中写的《阿拉伯的劳伦斯》:
     
          一个半世纪前,一个英国人企图扶助一个弱小民族,反抗雄踞在中、近东的土耳其帝国,他失败了。半世纪前,又有一个英国人做同样的尝试,凭了超人的智慧、毅力和体能,他成功了,结果是土耳其帝国的崩溃。前者是拜伦,后者是俗称阿拉伯的劳伦斯。两者还有一些类似之处:例如,都是成名甚早,都是英年夭逝,都是出身有名学府,都特立独行,和英国绅士社会格格不入。
     
      但是两者有一个基本的差异。在私生活上,拜伦本是一个纨绔子弟,耽于逸乐,且顾影自怜,善于作态。劳伦斯的心中也有一株顾影水仙,但大任降身之际,他的灵魂能提升到史诗的高度,支持他的肉体,去忍受只有超人才能负担的痛苦和疲惫。多才的劳伦斯曾经翻译荷马的史诗,但他的名著《智慧的七大支柱》也已成为记述一次大战东战场的现代史诗,而他自己便是这篇史诗的主角。沙漠,沙漠的空廓和虚无,那种远离文明的原始的煎熬和晕眩,那种对内要克服大自然的多重压力,对于这位现代史诗的主角,是一种形而下的也是形而上的考验。沙漠,原是天才内在的气候。绝顶的天才,原就注定了要忍受绝对的寂寞。“天才恒侵袭,但凡人占据且拥有,”劳伦斯如是说。大漠中往返的长途跋涉,驼背上的日日夜夜,就劳伦斯的一生而言,正是一个缩影和一个象征。
     
      而在舌敝唇焦之后,在摩顶放踵和出生入死之后,在肉体委顿和心灵颓丧之后,他成功了,因为他已名闻全球,而土耳其帝国也已经瓦解;但同时他也失败了,因为在内部的纠纷和协约国的阴谋下,阿拉伯非但不能独立,反而惨被瓜分。他曾站在协约国与阿拉伯之间,向后者保证战后的独立和自由。那些游牧民族曾如此相信他,崇拜他,视他为救世主,凡他至处,人群争挽他的衣衫,而他也隐隐然以现代的米赛亚自命。然而战后的现实令他幻灭,他感到自己像一个骗子。一切光荣都变成耻辱。人们的赞美和宣传只会加强他的自咎和厌憎。由于英国在法国压力下违背了战时对阿拉伯人的诺言,劳伦斯在英皇召见时当场拒绝了乔治五世的授勋,作为一种抗议。不久他又毅然谢绝出任英国海外某地总督,改名易姓,隐入行伍之间。
     
      劳伦斯在阿拉伯的英雄史迹,尽人皆知,不用我来复述。他在战后的种种表现,也非这篇短文所能详谈。此地我只能提一提他异常复杂的个性,和他在一次大战后期及战后所表现的矛盾、沮丧、迷惘和自嘲自虐的心境。
     
      许多传记家,甚至劳伦斯自己的朋友,对于他的独立特行都感到难以理解,而有所谓“劳伦斯之谜”一说。例如:劳伦斯在进入土耳其重镇大马士革之后,何以在自己胜利的巅峰突然引退﹖何以在战后,朝野同钦,而国家方欲委以重任之际,他要遁世逃名于士卒之间,且接受极其苛严的训练﹖身为大英雄和名作家的他,经常在书信中透露悲观和懊丧。在给母亲的信中,他诉苦说:“要安于无所事事,我还太年轻;要从头开始,我又太年长了。”在致诗人格雷夫斯的信中,他说:“我深深地感到,自己的生命,在真正的意义上,已然逝去。”
     
      劳伦斯所以突然离开大马士革,除了因为阿拉伯仍四分五裂,而英法的政治阴谋令他心寒齿冷之外,尚有另一隐衷。据说他一直因为自己是私生子而深感羞辱,乃视性为一种不洁,非但终身未娶,即女友也鲜闻来往。尤为不幸的是,在阿拉伯战役的后期,他因潜入敌后刺探军情,在德拉被捕。土耳其司令官并不知道他就是劳伦斯,但惑于他的白皙肌肤,竟令四名兵勇鞭笞他之后,轮流将他奸污。此事对劳伦斯身心的摧残,是无可比拟的。在德拉受辱之前,他在别人和自己的想像之中,俨然是米赛亚再世。但经过了那次事件,他的自我神化和英雄气概便颓然崩溃了。
     
      在德拉事件之后,他几乎用完了精神的燃料。他的使命感消逝了,余下来的是野心和权力的欲望。他变得嗜杀,但杀伐之后只感到怜悯,不感到胜利的喜悦。终于有一天,他发现,即使那种权力,也只是一个幻觉而已。他完全空虚地离开了大马士革。
     
      但何以战后劳伦斯坚持要加入空军呢﹖何以他必须如此贬抑自己﹖论者尝谓他所以如此,是因为他患有同性恋。这是很不可靠的臆想。劳伦斯的朋友们,都证实绝无此事。同时,他先后在战车队和空军的纯男性团体中生活了十二年之久,亦未闻有任何可疑的纪录。事实上,劳伦斯对任何肉体上的接触,都会深感震骇。劳伦斯所以要自谪于行伍而听命于士官,第一,是因为他已厌倦于做一个名人,他要从自己的神话中解脱出来。第二,他在大战期间的超人表现,已经透支了自己的意志和定力。他曾经担当过太大的风险,负过太重的责任,现在,当一名二等兵,他可以仅仅服从命令,无论那命令有多愚蠢,而不用亲自负责了。第三,在沙漠的岁月中,他已惯于袍泽之情,惯于在艰苦的环境中分享单纯的同情。战后他深深怀念那种袒露的人性,他需要恢复那种安全感。第四,正如前面提起过的,他是一个受虐狂患者,他需要严格纪律的自惩和肉体的操劳。
     
      同时,在军中他可以满足自己的另一个欲望——对速度的追求。他爱一切剧动而高速的东西。“速度是人性中第二种古老的兽欲,”他如此说过。他爱在浩浩的沙漠中驶车。在空军服役时,他促使空军当局注意海上救难的需要,且亲自设计并监造救难的快艇。最后的几年,劳伦斯一直以电单车去看萧伯纳和哈代,每星期平均驶四百到六百英里。如果路好,他每每超速到每小时八十至一百英里。最后竟因此丧生。
     
      劳伦斯就是这样一个矛盾的复合体。他在沙漠中缓缓骑驼,也在文明里高速驶车。他的灵魂拥抱最单纯的自然,呼吸阿拉伯开阔的空间,同时也展望未来的世纪。他说:“在我看来,我们这一代惟一主要的任务,是征服最后的一个元素,大气。”他是一个超人成就的军事家和战士,但同时也是探索灵魂的作家和翻译家。他是世界上最大的冒险家之一,但同时又那样羞怯,内向,且患得患失。他的生命,繁复、矛盾胜过一千个人。他的灵魂究竟有多少窍呢﹖然则,一切伟大的灵魂不都是如此宏丽地充满了矛盾吗﹖

    威廉·詹姆士——美国心理学之父

    (1842-1910)
     
    A young medical student in Harvard, he wrote favorably about effects of natural selection on mental life and observed that consciousness also obeys the laws of variation and selection
     
    A young professor of psychology at Harvard, he anchored the study of consciousness to experimental psychology. He articulated a biologically grounded theory of instincts and linked these with psychological development of emotion and habit
     
    At the height of his career (1890), he published two volume Principles of Psychology, beginning from a preoccupation with the object at the center of attention and advocated that psychology develop around a cognitive psychology of consciousness. "any legitimate scientific psychology must account for both the stream of thought and feeling"
     
    Important lectures on Exceptional Mental Status: dreams and hypnotism, automatism (the body is a machine whose functions are accompanied but not controlled by consciousness), hysteria, multiple personality, etc.
     
    His approach was empirical because it confined itself only to the facts of experience, and radical, however, in that it demanded science not ignore any aspects of reality if it could be experienced. Thus, good sciences was positivistic; but everything we needed to know was knowable through the intellect and the senses
     
    Positivistic science shouldn't be separated from metaphysics because it was based on the metaphysics of physicalism; that is, a set of preconceived assumptions about how the physical world can be studied
     
    Consciousness did not exist as an independent entity, but as a function of particular experiences. Consciousness and object had to be considered in the same functional complex
    July 21

    MEDARD BOSS--存在心理学

    cofounder of existential therapy with Ludwig Binswanger
     

    LUDWIG BINSWANGER-存在心理学

    存在主义(existentialism)、存在心理学(existential psychology)、现象学(phenomenology)
     
    存在心理学是与强调hard-core experimental psychologists对立的一个笼统学派
     

    Kurt Lewin

    现代社会心理学的奠基人,在MIT创立了研究Group Dynamics的研究中心,主要研究如下项目:
    Group productivity; Communication; Social perception; Intergroup relations; Group membership; Training leaders.
     
    Kurt Lewin主张研究采用在真实生活场景中的试验方法,比如:Gang behavior(解决种族信仰冲突);Law and Social Chang(从教育机构入手减少由种族歧视引起的偏见);Integration of Negro Sales Personnel。
     
    July 20

    Konrad Lorenz - 动物行为的比较研究

    1973年的诺贝尔生理学和医学奖获得者,主要对动物和人类行为进行比较研究
     
    发现了幼年动物的“铭记”(imprinting)现象
     
    人类行为,甚至道德(自由意志),都是受先天制约的,由遗传而来,这一观点受到达尔文进化论的影响,而且与康德正好相反。洛伦茨认为,"人类的大脑及我们的认知能力,必定也是自然选择的产物,可见康德的先验观有其生物学上的基础。在某种意义上,先验的思维形式如同本能一样,是造化赋予物种的一种特殊秉性,一种生存技能。这种将生物学与哲学相结合的努力,就是进化认识论的诞生。"
     
    长期跟动物住在一起,"他与驯服的雁鹅、穴乌及其他鸟类生活在一起,同时又几乎不改变它们的野生属性。要做到这一点是极不容易的。在他们家,有关人与动物的趣闻轶事层出不穷。孩子们尚小时,他的太太为了不出意外,居然把孩子关进笼里,而让各种动物自由出入。"
     
    洛仑兹在与鸟兽鱼虫的亲密接触中发现了很多有趣的现象, 例如:“有两类动物具有可靠的抑制机制,一种是具有杀伤性手段的动物。德国有句谚语:一只乌鸦不会啄掉另一只乌鸦的眼睛。确实,乌鸦绝不会用它的利嘴去啄它的同类,一只养驯了的乌鸦也绝不会去啄它的主人。另一种就是大型群居肉食动物,如狼、狮等总是群居在一起,它们必须具有有效的抑制机制以防同类残杀。因此,一种奇异的现象是:最嗜杀的肉食动物,尤其是狼,却是动物世界中抑制力最为可靠的。与此相对照的是,不具有杀伤性武器的动物在某些情况下往往会表现出残酷的同类相残行为,如作为和平象征的鸽子,却在笼子中往死里啄它的同类。”
     
    因此,“由于个体间牢固的联盟——爱——来自于攻击倾向,所以,洛伦茨认为,爱的对象也就是攻击的对象,换言之,有恨才有爱,没有一种爱是没有攻击性的。众所周知,哺乳动物中最有攻击性的狼对朋友是最忠实的。恨要比爱和友谊早几百万年。”
     
    英文链接:
    中文链接(基本是原文翻译):
     
     

    Karen Horney - 神经症的研究

    Horney认为,患有神经症的人是在普通人都有的需求上产生了歪曲的结果,并将一些神经症病人的不正常需求分为三类:Compliance, Aggression, Withdrawal,与Adler的分类不谋而合。
     
    Horney认为神经症的形成是病人年幼时得不到父母的温暖和关心,即parental indifference,Horney将其称为“基本罪恶“。
     
    Horney指出患有神经症的人通常摇摆在“despised self”(从他人眼中看到的有缺陷的自己)和“ideal self”(认为自己缺乏哪些东西,并将这些东西作为自己的理想标准去追求),因此认识不到真正的自我,更不用提自我实现了。
     
    此外,Horney还批判了Freud的penis envy远远不能作为女性神经症患者的普遍解释,并提出男子中也有womb envy的现象。
     
    Horney本人的经历中充满了挫折和不幸,因此她本人在一定程度上也患有神经症。
     
    Horney、Adler、Fromm、Sullivan常常被称为neo-Freudians。
    July 19

    皮亚杰

    对这个人应该说是比较熟悉了。最早对软体动物着迷,后来变成了儿童心理学大师,研究人类智力的起源和发展阶段,著作为“Introduction to Genetic Epistemology”
     
    Schema-Adaptation(Assimilation/Accomodation)-Equilibrium
     
    儿童智力发展四个阶段:
    1. sensorimotor: 对实物的运动和感知产生一系列的基础反应,以及一些最初的、短暂的记忆;
    2. preoperational: 可以脱离实物、使用符号,但只从自我角度进行认知、无移情,单维思考模式;
    3. concrete operations: 可以对符号进行有逻辑的思考,对数字、长度和体积有了正确的概念;
    4. formal operations: 对抽象事件进行抽象思考和假设思考,进入成人思考阶段。
     
    p.s. 发现我进入formal operations的时间并不早,而且停留在preoperational的时间过长:(
     
     
    also see: http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/piaget.html by someone from MIT who has been working with Piaget
    July 14

    James Mark Baldwin

    他的《Mental Development》一书阐述了“自我”的社会性及成长方式,并强调这种发展具有确定的、可预测的阶段性,在社会心理学的发展中是一本中心教材

    Anniversary Song 2: "Crazy For You" by Madonna

    Swaying room as the music starts
    Strangers making the most of the dark
    Two by two their bodies become one

    I see you through the smoky air
    Can't you feel the weight of my stare
    You're so close but still a world away
    What I'm dying to say, is that

    I'm crazy for you
    Touch me once and you'll know it's true
    I never wanted anyone like this
    It's all brand new, you'll feel it in my kiss
    I'm crazy for you, crazy for you

    Trying hard to control my heart
    I walk over to where you are
    Eye to eye we need no words at all

    Slowly now we begin to move
    Every breath I'm deeper into you
    Soon we two are standing still in time
    If you read my mind, you'll see

    I'm crazy for you
    Touch me once and you'll know it's true
    I never wanted anyone like this
    It's all brand new, you'll feel it in my kiss
    I'm crazy for you, crazy for you

    It's all brand new, I'm crazy for you
    And you know it's true
    I'm crazy, crazy for you

    Anniversary Song 1: "This Used To Be My Playground" by Madonna

    [Chorus (first time without background vocals):]

    This used to be my playground (used to be)
    This used to be my childhood dream
    This used to be the place I ran to
    Whenever I was in need
    Of a friend
    Why did it have to end
    And why do they always say

    Don't look back
    Keep your head held high
    Don't ask them why
    Because life is short
    And before you know
    You're feeling old
    And your heart is breaking
    Don't hold on to the past
    Well that's too much to ask

    [Long and movie versions only:]

    [chorus]
    Live and learn
    Well the years they flew
    And we never knew
    We were foolish then
    We would never tire
    And that little fire
    Is still alive in me
    It will never go away
    Can't say goodbye to yesterday (can't say goodbye)

    [chorus]

    No regrets
    But I wish that you
    Were here with me
    Well then there's hope yet
    I can see your face
    In our secret place
    You're not just a memory
    Say goodbye to yesterday (the dream)
    Those are words I'll never say (I'll never say)

    This used to be my playground (used to be)
    This used to be our pride and joy
    This used to be the place we ran to
    That no one in the world could dare destroy

    [Short and movie versions only:]

    This used to be our playground (used to be)
    This used to be our childhood dream
    This used to be the place we ran to
    I wish you were standing here with me

    [Movie version only:]

    This used to be our playground (used to be)
    This used to be our great escape
    This used to be the place we ran to
    This used to be our secret hiding place

    This used to be our playground (used to be)
    This used to be our childhood dream
    This used to be the place we ran to
    The best things in life are always free
    Wishing you were here with me

    写在相识两周年的今天

    2003年7月13日对我们来说是不平凡的一天,从这天开始两个人的命运便联系在一起。
     
    说来惭愧,根本想不起去年的今天在干嘛,应该是在江浙的某个地方旅游,反正肯定没有想起“周年“这个概念;今天,也是在第二天凌晨睡不着而突然想起的,觉得应该留下点痕迹。
     
    过去的两年可能是我一生中最重要的时光。在此期间,我结识了可爱的生活伴侣、为父母找到了满意的女婿;不光这些,还实现了自己多年来的梦想——飞越重洋。尽管未来仍存在许多未知,但此刻的心中,已充实了很多。
     
    然而依旧有一些令我愧疚、懊悔甚至痛恨自己的记忆常驻在心头,也许就是所谓的惩罚吧。上帝对待每个人都是公正的,谁获得了多少,必然在其他方面失去多少,正如早学步的儿童,必定比其他同龄的孩子多一些跌倒的痛楚。
     
    这两年中也学到了不少东西,改掉了以前嘻嘻哈哈、言不由衷乱说话的坏毛病,变成了较为沉默寡言的家庭主妇,哈哈;当然,在我家猪面前还是原形毕露滴,呵呵呵呵呵
     
    于是想起某人曾经说过的一句话:缔结婚姻乃人生一大成就。在此谢谢老公,谢谢你给予我的一切~
     
    最后不能免俗的说一句:愿有情人终成眷属! 
     
    图为2003.8.2热恋中,摄于香山望津亭